8 Evangelicals and economics

This section contains a very large number of data tables drawn from several of the different waves of our survey programme, and commentary is limited. The overall picture is that most evangelicals in the UK are comfortably affluent, prudent in money management, modest in spending, generous in giving and ethically and socially concerned for economic justice and equality.

An more easily printable version in pdf format can be downloaded here https://btcloud.bt.com/web/app/share/invite/3ks0s7I0UT

Are UK evangelicals in any way different from the average citizen in terms of their experience of money, finance and patterns of consumption? In an economy dominated by capitalism, market forces and neo-liberal economic policy is it possible that Christians can be counter-cultural rather than conformed to this word?

One wave of the panel surveys carried out in Autumn 2012 was entitled "Does Money Matter?" and a short popular report with this title was published early in 2013. Further surveys covering employment, poverty and ethical consumption and an omnibus survey including questions about consumer spending added to our data on the subject. In the 21^st Century evangelicals book no specific chapter was devoted to economic issues and the recent research literature on such topics appears very sparse and largely concentrating on North America or continental Europe.

This chapter therefore is an attempt to compile everything we have gathered in terms of releant survey data and to reflect on the implications from a sociological perspective. Given the long history of social scientists such as Weber, Marx, Tawney and Halevy making links between religion and economics – and recent initiatives by the Church of England and Archbishop Justin Welby in particular to speak into the financial culture of our times through the Just Finance Foundation etc. the topic seems ripe for study.

Sections (click link to jump there)

Income
Personal savings credit and debt
Work
Needs
Giving
Poverty and wealth, economic and welfare policy
Consumer patterns
Intergenerational inequality

References

The evangelical financial ethic: Doubled forms and the search for God in the economic world

CAITLIN ZALOOM

First published: 24 May 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12308

Evangelicals: Linking fervency of faith and generosity of giving

Wesley K. Willmer First published: Spring 1995 https://doi.org/10.1002/pf.41219950709

Findings from our surveys

Income

Three of our surveys asked a direct question about household income or monthly pay.

The tables below are self explanatory and suggest that for the most part our evangelical respondents have a comfortable regular income, and a very small minority seem to face hardship or distress.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Which of these most closely reflects your household annual income?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Under £10,000	5.1%	54
£10-19,999	14.9%	159
£20-29,999	21.7%	231
£30-39,999	16.0%	170
£40-49,999	13.5%	144
£50-59,999	8.8%	94
£60-75,000	6.9%	74
Over £75,000	8.8%	94
Prefer not or unable to say	4.2%	45
answered question		1065
skipped question		72

Poverty survey November 2014
What is your own household's monthly disposable income? (Please include take home pay after tax of all earners - plus any benefits, pensions and other unearned income)
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Less than £500	6.7%	96
£501 to £750	5.1%	74
£751 to £1,000	7.1%	102
£1,001 to £1,500	14.8%	213
£1,501 to £2,000	18.2%	261
£2,001 to £3,000	23.9%	344
£3,001 to £5,000	18.8%	270
More than £5,000	5.4%	77
answered question		1437
skipped question		170

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
What is the approximate level of your (personal) take home pay after tax and other deductions each month (from all your current paid employment)?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Less than £300 per month	4.6%	61
£301 - £500	4.7%	62
£501 - £1000	11.4%	150
£1,001 - £1,500	16.9%	222
£1,501 - £2,000	15.8%	208
£2,001 - £3,000	16.8%	221
£3001 - £5000	5.2%	68
More than £5,000	3.4%	44
It varies considerably each month	4.5%	59
I do not currently work for pay	16.6%	218
answered question		1313
skipped question		69

Poverty survey November 2014
In terms of your current level of finances which of the following phrases best applies?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Comfortable with no financial worries	58.3%	927
Usually getting by	30.1%	479
Often struggling to pay the bills	5.7%	90
Wealthy or affluent	4.5%	71
Constantly battling with poverty and debt	1.3%	21
Destitute	0.1%	1
answered question		1589
skipped question		18

In 2012 - about four years after the great financial crisis we asked how incomes had been changing. 39% had experienced some fall in income compared with 30% who had seen an increase.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Comparing your household income today with the way it was three years ago would you say it is:
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Considerably higher	6.2%	66
Slightly higher	23.5%	252
About the same	31.3%	336
Slightly lower	23.7%	254
Considerably lower	15.4%	165
answered question		1073
skipped question		64

However, 72% felt that their income had fallen behind price rises, suggesting that few are immune from the results of recession.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Looking back over the last two or three years, would you say that your household's income has:
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Fallen much behind prices	20.6%	221
Fallen a little behind prices	51.4%	551
Kept up with prices	20.1%	215
Gone up by more than prices	6.1%	65
Gone up by much more than prices	1.9%	20
answered question		1072
skipped question		65

Nonetheless our respondents faith and values cause almost 90% to regard their financial situation with contentment, or see it as a blessing.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Thinking about your financial situation today which of the following statements is closest to your feelings?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
I praise God for the wealth and prosperity He's given me	36.9%	397
I can say to God I'm content with what I've got	51.2%	550
I sometimes ask God for more money	10.3%	111
I keep asking God why I am really struggling with money	1.6%	17
answered question		1075
skipped question		62

Viewed over a lifetime a majority said they had experienced worse financial situations than the present.

Poverty survey November 2014
At earlier stages of your life have you ever been any of the following? Please tick all that apply
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Significantly worse off than now	52.4%	825
Significantly better off than now	34.6%	545
Really struggling to pay your way	24.9%	392
Needing to rely on means-tested welfare benefits	12.6%	198
In serious debt problems	10.5%	165
Unable to stay in employment because of illness or disability	6.2%	97
Living in poverty	5.2%	82
Unable to stay in employment because of caring responsibilities for an adult or sick or disabled child	1.8%	29
None of the above	18.8%	296

answered question		1573
skipped question		34

More than half of our respondents received some part of their income from state benefits, though these were mostly in the form of universal benefits such as state pensions or child benefits. Very small proportions were in receipt of means tested benefits.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Does any of your household's income come from any of the following state benefits? Tick all you receive:
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Child benefit /tax credits	26.4%	271
State old age pension	26.3%	270
Disability rated benefits	6.8%	70
Working family tax credits	4.7%	48
JSA, ESA or other work related benefits	2.8%	29
Housing benefit	2.3%	24
Other means-tested benefits	2.2%	23
None	42.7%	439
Other (please specify)		61
answered question		1028
skipped question		109

Personal savings credit and debt etc.

A majority had some access to pension provision beyond the basic state pension.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Do you have any of the following forms of pension provision (in addition to entitlement to the basic state pension)?
Answer Options	Yes I am paying into it regularly	Yes but it is frozen or deferred	Yes and I am now drawing income from it	No	Response Count
A final salary based pension scheme	26%	13%	25%	36%	100%
A personal pension fund	20%	14%	11%	55%	100%
A stakeholder pension	11%	4%	2%	84%	100%
answered question					1074
skipped question					63

And four out of five felt they could look forward to an adequate or generous retirement income.

From Generation to Generation - February 2016
Do you have (or expect to have) a pension or retirement income which...
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
is/ will be adequate for your needs	70.5%	1143
is/ will be insufficient for your needs	14.9%	241
is/ will be enough for you to live in affluence	11.5%	187
not expecting to have a pension and will have to rely on welfare and charity or carry on working	3.1%	50
Please add any comments		255
answered question		1621
skipped question		64

Most of the panel had some savings or investments, prudently invested.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Do you have any of the following forms of savings or investments?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
A savings account at a bank or building society	85.2%	862
An ISA	77.4%	783
Stocks or shares in public companies	32.4%	328
Other financial investments (e.g. endowment policies, unit trusts)	31.1%	315
A home or property other than your main residence	17.9%	181
Assets or shares related to a business which you own or are a partner	4.2%	43
answered question		1012
skipped question		125

However for 18% this amounted to £1000 or less.. while for around 20% it was £100k or over.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Which of the following best represents the value of your savings and investments (not including the home that you live in or funds that are tied into pension schemes)?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Nothing at all	6.7%	70
Less than £1000	10.9%	114
£1000 - £9999	24.5%	256
£10,000 - £99,999	38.0%	397
£100,000 - £499,999	16.5%	172
£500,000 to £1 million	2.7%	28
Over £1 million	0.8%	8
answered question		1045
skipped question		92

Remarkably few of our evangelicals – compared with the general population in our consumer and debt driven economy – seem to rely on loans and credit with nearly half say they have never used loans or credit except for a mortgage on their homes. These figures probably reflect the age profile of the panel as much as their general level of affluence and Christians values of contentment and prudence. 21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Do you personally have debts or loans of any of the following sort, and how manageable are they?
Answer Options	No, never have had	Not at the moment	Yes but it's not a problem	Yes and I'm worried about how to repay it	Response Count
Student loan	75%	12%	11%	2%
Catalogue or mail order payment agreement	69%	26%	5%	0%
Store credit cards	50%	36%	14%	0%
Hire purchase or credit agreements on other goods	49%	44%	7%	0%
Personal credit card (Visa, Mastercard etc) with outstanding balance not paid off monthly	48%	28%	21%	3%
A car loan	47%	42%	10%	1%
Bank overdraft	40%	41%	16%	2%
A mortgage or loan on your home	17%	41%	41%	2%
answered question					1114
skipped question					23

Still fewer had resorted to sub-prime lenders.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Have you borrowed money from any of the following ?
Answer Options	No never	In the past but not at the moment	Yes (currently) but it's not a problem	Yes and I'm worried about how to repay it	Response Count
Loan sharks in your community	100%	0%	0%	0%
Pawn shops	99%	1%	0%	0%
Doorstep credit companies (Provident or similar)	99%	1%	0%	0%
Payday loans	99%	1%	0%	0%
Social fund loans (from Benefits Agency)	99%	1%	0%	0%
A Credit Union	98%	1%	0%	0%
A cash loan against the security of your vehicle or home	92%	7%	1%	0%
Family or friends	44%	47%	9%	0%
answered question					1116
skipped question					21

The following two tables also show that indebtedness other than an average mortgage is rare among these evangelicals.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Have you ever?
Answer Options	Yes	No	Response Count
Consulted a financial adviser to help manage your money	45%	55%
Received 'Martin's Money' e-mails	30%	70%
Received financial help from your church, minister or from another Christian you know	24%	76%
Been refused credit or a loan after a credit check	11%	89%
Asked your church or minister for financial help	5%	95%
Approached any other debt advice service for help with your debt situation	3%	97%
Approached a CAP (Christians Against Poverty) centre for help with your debt situation	2%	98%
Been harassed or attacked because of a bad debt	2%	98%
Been declared bankrupt	1%	99%
Had items repossessed	1%	99%
If you approached a debt advice service other than CAP (please specify)			35
answered question			1115
skipped question			22

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
In total what is the amount of money you need to repay to clear your debts?
Answer Options	Nothing	Under £1,000	£1,000 - £9,999	£10,000 - £49,999	£50,000 - £250,000	Over £250,000	Don't Know	Response Count
Mortgage on your home	57%	1%	3%	12%	25%	2%	1%
All other debts	58%	11%	20%	10%	1%	0%	0%
answered question								1106
skipped question								31

This table confirms there is a culture of prudence, financial responsibility, integrity and literacy in money matters, with aversion to being in debt.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
In terms of your feelings about money and debt please indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with the following statements:
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
I try as hard as I can never to borrow money and get into debt.	52%	31%	11%	5%	1%
I feel I am good at managing my money and avoiding problems with it.	35%	46%	12%	6%	1%
I am at ease with taking out a mortgage or loan in order to purchase my home.	30%	46%	14%	7%	3%
I do a lot of research to make sure I am getting the best deals.	20%	50%	23%	7%	0%
When I was growing up no-one ever taught me or talked about how to manage money.	11%	26%	12%	38%	14%
I feel very confused by all the figures involved in credit deals, loans and interest payments.	6%	19%	23%	34%	17%
I really enjoy an occasional day out shopping at a large mall or retail park.	6%	25%	27%	28%	14%
I am at ease with borrowing money whenever I need it to buy something.	2%	8%	16%	39%	35%
answered question						1111
skipped question						26

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Please indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with the following statements
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
Christians should avoid all forms of gambling.	37%	39%	17%	6%	2%	100%
Christians should make sensible financial investments to provide for their families and their own old age.	28%	61%	10%	1%	0%	100%
I think it is important to take out insurance to cover the risk of loss of the things I own.	18%	59%	16%	6%	1%	100%
Speculation and taking risks on the financial markets is morally wrong.	9%	21%	44%	22%	4%	100%
answered question						1079
skipped question						58

Work

One in five of the respondents were retired, and only small numbers of the rest (students, home-makers, unemployed etc.) were economically inactive. More than half were currently employees and almost everyone had been employed at some point of their life.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
What is your current employment status? (Please tick only one answer)
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
I am an employee with one paid job only	47.2%	644
I am retired	20.6%	281
Other or some combination of the above (please specify)	12.2%	166
I work on a self-employed basis	9.1%	124
I am an employee with two or more paid jobs	4.9%	67
I am a full-time student with no paid work	2.3%	32
I am currently a full-time homemaker or carer	1.4%	19
I am not currently employed and not looking for work, or not able to work	1.2%	16
I am unemployed and seeking work	1.0%	14
answered question		1363
skipped question		19

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Whether you are currently in work or not, have you EVER in your life been in paid employment?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Yes	98.8%	1356
No	1.2%	16
answered question		1372
skipped question		10

Over 70% currently or previously were in full time work. Part-time work and career breaks to care for children were more common among women.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
On average how many hours per week do/did you spend working for pay? (If you have/had more than one paid job please give the overall total)
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
More than 60	6.6%	87
41 - 60	30.1%	394
28 - 40	37.4%	490
15 - 27	15.2%	199
8 - 14	5.5%	72
1 - 7	1.4%	18
Occasional, casual or variable hours	3.7%	49
answered question		1309
skipped question		73

About one in three employed respondents are or were members of a workplace trade union but only a small minority are actively involved and slightly more will not join on principle.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Are/were you a member of a trade union?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Yes - I am/was not very active but I am/was glad for the support the union offers	24.2%	296
No - there is/was a union at my workplace but there is no expectation that I should join	17.5%	214
There is/was no trade union but I am/was a member of a staff association or professional body	16.5%	202
I am self-employed so union membership is not relevant	12.3%	151
No - because the employer does/did not recognise or allow a union	11.2%	137
No - there is/was a union but it is/was against my principles to join	7.3%	89
Yes - but I am/was not very keen on the way it operates	6.8%	83
Yes - and I am/was very active within it	4.3%	53
answered question		1225
skipped question		157

Many were required to work unsocial hours. This was especially the case for those who worked for the Church (Sundays can be busy) or a Christian organisation.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Does/did your job require you to frequently work unsocial hours? Please tick all that apply.
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
None of the above - I just work regular hours on weekdays	35.7%	441
I have to go to or stay at work in the evenings	35.3%	435
I regularly bring work home with me	35.0%	432
I have to work over weekends	30.6%	378
I need to be on call or available to colleagues or customers when I am at home.	24.8%	306
I have to work on a changing shift pattern	7.5%	92
I am required to work on Sundays which prevents me from attending church	6.3%	78
I have to do night shifts	5.0%	62
Other unsocial or inconvenient work pattern (please specify)		173
answered question		1234
skipped question		148

Unpaid work was also frequent for many.. especially in the home and for church.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
In an average week how many hours do you spend doing unpaid work in each of the following areas?
Answer Options	None	1-3 hours	4-10 hours	More than 20 hours	Response Count
Domestic labour (housework, shopping, DIY etc)	4%	41%	50%	5%
Work for your church	15%	45%	34%	7%
Caring for children (your own or other people's)	49%	18%	19%	13%
Work for other Christian organisations	58%	28%	10%	4%
Gardening	36%	55%	9%	0%
Caring for adults	72%	19%	7%	2%
Work for a secular charity, voluntary or community organisation	71%	21%	7%	1%
Other unpaid work (please specify)					109
answered question					1277
skipped question					105

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Have you ever done an extended period (over a week) of unpaid work ? Please tick all that apply.
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Yes - a gap year or a long-term voluntary work placement of more than a month with a church, charity or community organisation	22.2%	269
Yes - at least one voluntary work placement of between one and four weeks	21.1%	256
Yes - a work experience placement during my studies	18.2%	220
Yes - an unpaid internship with an employer before or after my studies	2.6%	31
Yes - a period of unpaid work as part of a sentence from the courts	0.2%	2
No - I have never done any of the above	51.7%	627
If Yes please give some details		282
answered question		1212
skipped question		170

25% are or were employed by he Church or a Christian organisation, with almost as many in the health or social care sector. The NHS and other public sector work was also common as was the charitable sector. Remarkably few were or are employed in the private sector, especially in industry. Evangelicals seem less interested in making profits than making prophets!

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
In which sector(s) or industry(ies) is/was your current or most recent job?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
The Church or a Christian organisation	24.7%	328
Education sector	23.0%	306
NHS or other health or social care related	14.5%	193
Other (please specify)	10.2%	135
Other public sector (e.g. civil service, local government)	8.6%	114
Voluntary or charitable sector	8.0%	106
Financial services, banking accountancy etc	6.2%	83
Service industry such as retail, catering, leisure	5.9%	78
Manufacturing industry	4.2%	56
Construction, building maintenance or property	2.0%	26
Transport (rail, road, shipping, aviation)	2.0%	27
Agriculture, forestry or extraction (mining /oil etc)	0.8%	10
answered question		1329

Given the average age of our panel it is no surprise than more than half have been at work for 30 or more years.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
How many years is it since you started to work for pay?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Less than 2	1.7%	22
3 - 5	4.7%	60
6 - 10	5.9%	75
11 - 20	14.0%	178
21 - 30	19.0%	242
31 - 40	26.3%	334
More than 40	28.1%	358
I have never worked for pay	0.2%	3
answered question		1272
skipped question		110

Using the standard occupational categories for socio-economic groups nearly a quarter can be described as professionals, nearly half as Bs (managers and lower professionals) and less than 10% as manual workers.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Which best describes the type of work you do (or did in your last job)?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
A. Professional, senior manager in business or commerce, senior civil servant (e.g. accountant, doctor, solicitor, head teacher, director, bishop)	23.4%	305
B. Middle manager in large organisation, principal officer in local government or civil service, owner or senior manager of small business, educational or service establishments (e.g. teacher, vicar, senior nurse/sister, systems analyst, civil engineer)	47.7%	622
C1. Junior managers, owner of small establishment (e.g. nurse, receptionist,office worker, photographer, student, driving instructor)	20.0%	261
C2. Skilled manual worker, manual worker with responsibility for others (e.g. butcher, electrician, plumber, bus/HGV/taxi driver, florist, cook, hairdresser)	4.3%	56
D. Semi-skilled and unskilled manual worker, apprentice or trainee to skilled worker (e.g. labourer, junior shop assistant, waiter/waitress, window cleaner)	4.1%	53
E. Casual workers with no regular income, those dependent on the state long-term	0.5%	6
answered question		1303
skipped question		79

Using education as a measure nearly three quarters are at least graduates. It is worth bearing in mind that most were educated before 1980 after which university education became more commonplace.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
What is the highest educational or professional qualification you have obtained?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
No qualifications	1.5%	20
GCSEs or equivalent	5.4%	71
BTEC, diploma, apprenticeship or vocational qualification achieved after leaving school	9.2%	121
A-levels (Highers) or equivalent	9.3%	122
A university degree	32.3%	424
Postgraduate qualifications (Higher degree or postgraduate professional qualification)	42.3%	556
answered question		1314
skipped question		68

Nearly two thirds had some management or supervisory responsibility at work.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
In your work do/did you have managerial or supervisory responsibility for other staff and/or volunteers?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Yes for 10 or more people	23.7%	308
Yes for fewer than 10 people	40.0%	519
No	36.3%	471
answered question		1298
skipped question		84

Only about 20% had a long commute of over an hour to work.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Where is/was your main place of work?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
At home	13.0%	169
Within a mile of my home	16.3%	212
Within a 30-minute journey from home	43.8%	568
Between 30 minutes and 1 hour journey from home	16.9%	220
More than a 1 hour journey from home but I still commute	4.9%	64
So far from home I need to spend most of the week or longer periods away from home	1.0%	13
It varies - I move around a lot with my work	4.0%	52
Other (please specify)		36
answered question		1298
skipped question		84

Most people over their lifetime had held several different jobs.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
In your working life how many different jobs (posts) have you held?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
None	0.2%	2
Only one	3.5%	42
Two	7.9%	94
3-5	47.1%	561
More than 5	41.3%	492
answered question		1191
skipped question		191

Over a third had been made redundant at least once.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Have you ever been made redundant or lost your job?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Never	62.4%	792
Once	25.8%	328
More than once	11.7%	149
answered question		1269
skipped question		113

60% at least once had claimed unemployment benefits at least for a short time.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Have you ever claimed unemployment or other out of work benefits (JSA, ESA, incapacity benefit or similar)?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Never	39.2%	191
Once for a period of no more than 13 weeks	23.2%	113
Once for a longer period than 13 weeks	17.0%	83
More than once but never for a longer period than 13 weeks	10.1%	49
More than once and for long periods	10.5%	51
Other (please specify)		22
answered question		487
skipped question		895

While they had experienced moral support from church when unemployed there seemed to be relatively little by way of practical or financial help – though of course many would never have asked or accepted any.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Did you get any of the following kinds of church-based support to help you manage while out of work, or to find new work? Please tick all that were available to you.
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Prayer support	56.8%	243
Emotional and pastoral support	43.7%	187
Opportunities to contribute as a volunteer worker	24.3%	104
Gifts of money, food or goods	18.0%	77
Offers of paid work from church members	6.3%	27
Paid work for the church	4.7%	20
A job club or practical help to find new work	2.8%	12
Signposted or referred by the church to a relevant secular project or agency	1.4%	6
A support group for people in similar situations	1.4%	6
None of the above	31.3%	134
Other (please specify)		70
answered question		428
skipped question		954

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Have you ever taken a career break (for more than a couple of months) for any of the following reasons? Please tick all that apply.
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
To concentrate on raising children	32.1%	269
Maternity or paternity leave	30.2%	253
To do a course of study	25.4%	213
A period of unemployment	24.1%	202
A period of sickness	20.3%	170
To have a sabbatical	10.8%	90
Time off for work-related stress	9.3%	78
Other	8.2%	69
To take an extended holiday or travel	5.4%	45
To care for another relative (or friend)	3.6%	30
Please feel free give some details		261
answered question		837
skipped question		545

The next couple of tables suggest that for the most part evangelical Christians feel happy and fulfilled in their work rather than alienated in the Marxist sense of the term. Most seem to have a sense of vocation and to have found work which is in line with not only their interest and skills but with their ethical and religious values.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
How do/did you feel about your job? To what extent do you agree or disagree that:
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
I am interested in my work	57%	36%	5%	2%	1%
I value the contact with people that comes with my job.	44%	46%	8%	1%	0%
I believe my work is worthwhile because it brings benefit to society.	42%	40%	13%	4%	2%
I am treated with respect by the people I work with	39%	52%	7%	2%	0%
I feel a strong sense of calling to the work I do.	38%	30%	20%	9%	3%
I enjoy good friendly relationships with my colleagues.	33%	57%	9%	1%	0%
I am sufficiently challenged by my work	31%	49%	11%	7%	2%
I feel valued for the work I do	30%	53%	9%	7%	1%
I feel involved in the decisions that affect my work	25%	41%	16%	15%	4%
I am often tired out at the end of a working day or shift.	17%	50%	18%	12%	3%
I achieve a good balance between my work life and my private life.	15%	46%	19%	16%	4%
I feel that my pay adequately reflects my performance and responsibilities.	12%	43%	20%	20%	6%
I am often stressed because of work.	9%	29%	28%	28%	6%
I have an acceptable workload.	9%	45%	21%	19%	5%
I do my job mainly because I need the money it provides.	5%	18%	21%	30%	26%
I want to leave this job as soon as possible	4%	7%	15%	32%	42%
I often get bored and fed up with my work.	2%	8%	15%	41%	34%
I feel harassed or bullied by management.	2%	8%	15%	29%	47%
answered question						1290
skipped question						92

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Thinking about what is desirable in a job or work situation, how important would the following factors be to you?
Answer Options	Very important	Of some importance	Not very important	Not at all important	Response Count
Knowing God has answered your prayers for guidance or opened doors to get you the job	67%	29%	3%	1%
Good attitudes and practices of management	67%	32%	1%	0%
Your sense of vocation or calling to this type of work	62%	31%	6%	1%
The fit with your qualifications, skills, interests and experience	60%	35%	4%	0%
An opportunity to serve and help other people	58%	36%	5%	1%
The employer's ethical practices.	56%	40%	4%	0%
People I enjoy working with	55%	43%	2%	0%
Convenient times that fit with my domestic life	40%	50%	9%	1%
The number of hours I am expected to work	39%	53%	8%	1%
A pleasant working environment	37%	58%	5%	0%
Opportunities to share the gospel or influence people for Christ.	36%	45%	17%	2%
Convenient location of the workplace	30%	60%	8%	1%
A good rate of pay	21%	69%	9%	1%
Pension provisions and other benefits	20%	57%	18%	5%
A generous holiday entitlement	18%	63%	18%	1%
Prospects of promotion or career progression	12%	44%	37%	7%
The respect and status that comes with the job	11%	40%	41%	9%
Other (please specify)					40
answered question					1262
skipped question					120

The following table investigates views on work policies and practices and some aspects of economic policy. The majority see to adopt liberal rather than conservative attitudes here .

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Based on your own experience of the work place and/or that of colleagues, family or friends, to what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following?'
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
The gap between top earners and those on a more basic wage is too great	47%	38%	10%	4%	1%
People are being expected to work harder for less money these days	22%	54%	18%	6%	1%
Employers should be flexible to make work more family-friendly	16%	61%	19%	4%	0%
It is wrong for firms to expect young people to do unpaid internships as a way of getting started in their career	15%	33%	25%	24%	3%
Women often encounter obstacles that prevent them progressing to the top level of their career structure	11%	46%	27%	13%	2%
Most unemployed people would like to work, but the system, or their circumstances, doesn't make it easy or worthwhile	11%	57%	26%	5%	1%
Many very capable women are trapped in low pay, low status and insecure jobs	10%	42%	33%	14%	1%
There are huge numbers of skivers and scroungers who prefer to live on benefits than try to find a job	4%	17%	29%	35%	16%
Most employers try to treat their staff fairly	3%	56%	32%	8%	1%
Offering bonus payments or incentives is the best way to get hard work out of staff	1%	17%	34%	41%	8%
Most workers try to get away with doing as little hard work as possible	1%	8%	30%	51%	10%
Most businesses operate ethically	1%	17%	47%	32%	3%
answered question						1229
skipped question						153

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
To what extent do you think there is discrimination in employment against each of the following groups of people?'
Answer Options	This often happens	This sometimes happens	This happens but infrequently	This never or almost never happens	Don't know	Response Count
Over-50s	30%	48%	11%	2%	10%
People with disabilities	20%	48%	17%	4%	12%
Ethnic minorities	12%	48%	21%	6%	14%
Women	10%	54%	22%	5%	10%
Under-25s	9%	42%	25%	8%	16%
Christians	6%	39%	33%	10%	12%
Muslims	4%	34%	29%	10%	23%
People from other non-Christian religions	2%	27%	31%	12%	28%
answered question						1222
skipped question						160

There is a widespread awareness that discrimination in employment is a relatively commonplace but that it is more likely to be on account of age disability, ethnicity or gender than on account of religion.

Only a minority felt they had direct personal experience of being discriminated against

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Have you personally ever been subject to discrimination at work?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Yes	11.5%	140
No	75.2%	918
Not sure	11.5%	141
Not applicable	1.8%	22
If Yes please give some details		132
answered question		1221
skipped question		161

The examples below give a range of personal experiences, a few of which are around issues of belief, religious identity or ethical conscience issues though race, gender and age also feature.

In the 1980s I was advised not to bother applying for work in the leading, London-based firms in my professional field due to my northern address and moderate northern accent. I do not think that such anti-northern discrimination now exists.

passed over on promotion because of being a Christian and for not getting drunk with the boss

my stance on abortion may have prevented obtaining certain jobs

My first employer in the City was very biased to those with a public school background

At an interview: 'Why at the age of 53 are you applying for this job?'

I was offered a job verbally but was then called back for another meeting with the director. Later discovered indirectly that the job offer had been withdrawn but no-one had told me. The suspicion was that this was because there was a strong Muslim presence on the board who did not want a Christian working for them.

Due to disability (a mental health problem)

Minor - I'm Asian and I'm asked some stupid questions sometimes.

I believe I was both bullied (unsuccessfully) and discriminated against because I was known to be a practising Christian.

I was told by a teacher that I should not have changed my surname to an African name when I married as this would mean I would get less job interviews

Companies are in business to make money, the more the better, and I have experienced discrimination because I used honest ethics.

Overlooked for someone younger although better qualified for the job

Prejudices from colleagues because of my nationality (not very frequent)

I'm a woman priest in the C of E so there is some discrimination built in to the organisation. However, I have very rarely experienced discrimination directed at me personally.

I was the only woman on a management team with responsibility for a budget of over a million pounds but was paid half that of the other members and new graduate consultants were going to be offered more than I earned except that I announced that I would take them to court.

Discrimination is too strong a word, but I was only paid for the hours I lectured with almost no preparation time, email time, consulting or marking taken into consideration. There may have been an assumption that I would still do the extra hours (true) and that I wouldn't complain as a Christian. But I did, and was eventually listened to somewhat.

in my second job in England i was racially abused

33 years ago I was interviewed & told I didn't get the job because I was about to get married!

Refusing to lie about something brought me into conflict with my boss leading in time to me getting demoted.

Refused an alternative, permanent job in the company I worked for on the grounds that as a Christian, I wouldn't fit in with the sales ethos, and that other members of the team would feel uncomfortable working with me as I would object to bad language etc (even though they were the very people who encouraged me to apply for the position)

Racial. Hate campaign by a group of subordinate colleagues of a different ethnicity.

Have been told to remove a cross from my bedroom window. Have been frowned upon for my faith by some social workers.

while working for the Civil Service, I was discriminated against because I refused to attend a stag night that ended in a strip club

Am very overqualified for my job yet cannot get promoted. Instead I see far less able men promoted. Women are mainly confined to the lower grade jobs.

When I was working as an occupational therapist and later as a therapy technician I was in a mainly female work force, sometimes collectively addressed as 'girls'. In team meetings when patients were discussed there was sometimes anti-men 'humour' ('Why is Mr Smith still in bed?' 'Because he's a man').

As a woman in early days of working for churches.

Being a Christian and also being white and dating a non-white person. I was given a very hard time about it by my bosses.

I have a disability. At the previous place of work to the one I talk about here, I was subject to regular verbal abuse about disability.

When i was looking for work it was clear that women were preferred for managerial roles in the public sector over men. Therefore i would not get jobs due to being male. I have never seen discrimination the other way round where by a woman gets discriminated against.

We also asked about problems encountered in the world of work. Interestingly among the suggested issues it was the performance management culture (of the public sector?) that was most commonly found problematic.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Still thinking about working life in general today, how significant are the following problems in the workplace?
Answer Options	Very significant	Significant	Not very significant	Not at all significant	Don't know	Response Count
Too much emphasis on performance management and the target culture	35%	50%	9%	2%	4%
Too much offensive language	16%	50%	22%	4%	7%
Christians getting into trouble at work if they say what they believe	13%	41%	31%	5%	9%
Lack of concern and kindness towards other people	12%	50%	24%	4%	9%
Bullying by management	12%	47%	26%	4%	11%
Dishonesty, theft and fraud	10%	41%	32%	5%	13%
Taking unwarranted sick leave	7%	38%	39%	4%	12%
A culture which condones racism	5%	17%	42%	18%	19%
Sexual harassment	5%	33%	38%	7%	17%
answered question						1215
skipped question						167

We also asked an open ended questions about jobs not acceptable to do as a Christian. The most widely rejected were in the sex and gambling industries.

In terms of employment and economic policy there was (a surprisingly) high level of support for workers rights, full employment, decent wages and working conditions.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2013 - Faith and the world of work
Thinking about government policy to what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following? The government should...
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
support international efforts to root out child labour and near slave labour in companies that export to the UK.	67%	29%	3%	1%	0%
ensure that no one is prevented from, or penalised for, expressing their religious convictions in the workplace.	54%	38%	7%	1%	0%
invest in projects to bring new manufacturing industry to the UK.	40%	52%	7%	1%	0%
do better to ensure there are enough decent jobs for everyone who wants to work.	31%	51%	15%	2%	0%
increase taxes on the wealthy and reduce them on the lower-paid.	23%	48%	21%	7%	1%
change the law to ensure everyone receives a living wage.	23%	52%	18%	6%	1%
do more to protect the rights and working conditions of employees.	22%	49%	26%	4%	0%
make sure that no one works more than 48 hours a week.	18%	35%	30%	15%	3%
reduce migration in order to safeguard jobs for British workers.	9%	28%	33%	23%	6%
change the law to reduce further the power of trade unions.	4%	12%	45%	31%	7%
make it easier and cheaper for employers to hire and fire staff.	4%	26%	35%	31%	4%
cut back on welfare benefits for the unemployed.	2%	14%	39%	35%	9%
answered question						1214

Needs

The attitude of Evangelical Christians to spending money on material things is well summed up in this comment from a respondent:

We buy what we can afford, on many purchase decisions we discuss the pro's and con's of its value. We have learned to trust God with our finances to some degree, so our faith influences our attitude towards money and materialism

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Which of the following items do you consider to be a necessity for you and your household - something you would find it hard to live without?
Answer Options	Absolutely essential	Desirable but not essential	Not a priority	Cannot afford this so I do without	Response Count
A good healthy and varied diet	74%	23%	2%	0%
Keeping my home warm	66%	31%	2%	0%
A home that feels safe and comfortable	65%	33%	2%	0%
A car or other means of transport that gets me where I need to go.	63%	28%	5%	3%
A good holiday at least once every year	15%	54%	22%	9%
Being able to enjoy my leisure activities	15%	65%	18%	2%
Going out for a meal at least once a month	2%	35%	54%	9%
A smart home in a desirable neighbourhood	2%	37%	51%	10%
Fashionable clothes and personal grooming to make me look good	1%	27%	64%	8%
The latest hi-tech electronic gadgets	1%	20%	64%	15%
A car that looks good, performs well and is no more than a couple of years old	0%	14%	67%	18%
Any other things you consider absolutely essential					273
answered question					1127
skipped question					10

Listed under other essentials spiritual factors and church support was a popular choice, family and relationships were significant to many, and money to give to church and those in need also was frequently mentioned. Among material needs Computers, phones and broadband were mentioned by many followed by travel, and books. A significant number of people talked about the essential requirement for basic services such as clean water, shelter and electricity implicitly acknowledging that many people in other parts of the world have none of theses.

travelcard (season ticket) spectacles	Travel
my bike	Travel
denims, bike (or two! Actually I've got five.)	Travel
Money to travel and see friends;	Travel
fuel and servicing for car (volunteer driver) 18 days at New Wine (catering) each year	Travel
ability to travel and means to travel.	Travel
Living within commuting distance of a station	Travel
I need my car for my work in the community.	Travel
To be able to afford to fill my car with fuel!	Travel
A bike	Travel
access to transport and health facilites also library and community	Travel
The opportunity to travel - both in the UK and abroad	Travel
a church that reaches out and a group of believers that encourage me and others	Spiritual
Sunday at Church and Bible Study	Spiritual
Jesus is my friend	Spiritual
Being aware of how much God loves me	Spiritual
Things which money cannot buy - love of my family, space to be me, people I can trust and a host of many other things which may seem ordinary, but a given as gifts by God.	Spiritual
meet with other Christians for worship and fellowship	Spiritual
Friendhip, Family, Jesus!	Spiritual
Faith in Jesus and a close relationship with Him	Spiritual
Christian Books	Spiritual
Church conference / camp.	Spiritual
Reading the Bible, praying, church services and fellowship, keeping in touch with missionaries across the world	Spiritual
A good church within two miles	Spiritual
A local fellowship	Spiritual
Enough money to be able to socialise with friends/church people. We don't have enough money to do this and are aware of the loss. Could not afford to attend church meal or go on church weekend away.	Spiritual
Church family	Spiritual
Good local church.	Spiritual
faithfulness within a family a Church community where we feel accepted	Spiritual
Christian literature; a number of different versions of the bible	Spiritual
Able to donate and financially support my church	Spiritual
Regular Christian fellowship	Spiritual
Time with God	Spiritual
Giving to the work of God	Spiritual
financially supporting missionary and church, presents for neices/nephews, hospitality to those the Lord asks me to invite into my home	Spiritual
A God fearing, Christ loving, Bible believing Church and Christian friendship group. Access to Christian Home Schooling for our children,. A society which fears God, knows the Risen Christ and has repented of its sins.	Spiritual
tithing to my church,	Spiritual
My bible	Spiritual
Giving money to charity	Spiritual
Depends on what is meant by "things". If merely material items, then answer is 'No'. However, the love of my wife and family; my freedom to read God's Word, and to minister; my relatinship with the Lord; are all in the "absolutely essential" category.	Spiritual
Giving one tenth to God's work and those in need through Christian organisations Dentist/ optician and medicines	Spiritual
A good church	Spiritual
God!	Spiritual
Freedom to worship without persecution	Spiritual
being able to give prayerfully to people who need the blessing	Spiritual
A church where I can have fellowship with other Christians and that reaches out into the community	Spiritual
A Bible Access to a garden and music	Spiritual
A good Chirch Fellowship A good relationship with God	Spiritual
Access to a Christian Bookshop - ESSENTIAL	Spiritual
Spiritual life. Cultural life.	Spiritual
God!!	Spiritual
Freedom to go to church	Spiritual
The fellowship within the church	Spiritual
Christian fellowship	Spiritual
a church I like attending	Spiritual
A good church within a sensible distance of home, so as to keep travel costs reasonable. A large circle of friends who understand where I'm coming from.	Spiritual
Going to a good church	Spiritual
Being part of a supportive church family. Good solid accepting freinds. These things I'd invest mony in.	Spiritual
good church - pastoral care, worship, teaching, family network	Spiritual
Serving and receiving at Church	Spiritual
Time to work and read Good church life	Spiritual
Proximity to a loving caring evangelical church!	Spiritual
Being able to continue my normal Christian activities - attending church, giving to charity, being with my family, my free bus & train pass, keeping fit & active, etc	Spiritual
Because of work - mobile communications	I.T.
PC and mobile phone	I.T.
a computer	I.T.
computer and mobile phone	I.T.
Computer as myself and husband do some work from home in our jobs.	I.T.
Ability to contact my family by phone or email.	I.T.
Internet access.	I.T.
Internet access	I.T.
My laptop and mobile phone	I.T.
ACCESS TO THE INTERNET	I.T.
books and internet access	I.T.
Computer phone and internet access....	I.T.
Internet access.	I.T.
Telephone and computer linked to the internet	I.T.
Means of communication with friends and family	I.T.
mobile phone as I use it for my business	I.T.
IT/Broadband	I.T.
Computer and internet	I.T.
Good communication-it would now be hard to live without email &c.	I.T.
Internet connection	I.T.
Internet and computer!	I.T.
Internet access - primarily email, and telephone.	I.T.
A computer for Church business - communication and data management.	I.T.
Up-to-date computer for my work which I have to purchase myself.	I.T.
A working TV, laptop and phone - but doen't have to be the latest model or hi-tech. a dishwasher	I.T.
Internet access, books, time alone with my wife, and time for reflection and prayer.	I.T.
Telephone and internet although doesn't need to be the highest spec.	I.T.
A computer and the Internet. Non-NHS Health items, such as glasses, dentistry, over the counter medication, etc.	I.T.
Living in a rural area,saving petrol,internet connection has important for maintaining social contact	I.T.
computer and internet access, mobile phone	I.T.
Access to phone and internet in order to do work. Radio is nice too.	I.T.
laptop & internet access	I.T.
Internet link	I.T.
good internet connection	I.T.
Home insurance; Broadband Internet access; smart phone	I.T.
COMPUTER, SADLY	I.T.
Internet connection is constantly used in this house. The speed we have is 30 Mbps, soon to be upgraded. However a lower speed, whilst annoying, would be the minimum due to work/leisure/church requirements.	I.T.
Internet/phone access	I.T.
TV, Laptop computer, phone	I.T.
a hospitable and welcoming home. a guitar internet access	I.T.
internet connection, being able to tithe	I.T.
Computer materials needed for my work; petrol required to transport me and kids to Uni; materials required for work and training	I.T.
Internet access, some form of phone - mobile or land line, access to world news by TV, newspaper or other means, books including Christian books by some means - buy if possible or library access	I.T.
phone and broadband	I.T.
A basic mobile 'phone to keep in contact with my far flung friends and family and to enable me to respond quickly to any urgent "work" requests.	I.T.
Good health	Health
medications and health requirements	Health
Health & strength	Health
Good health	Health
prescription medicines	Health
GOOD HEALTH	Health
Health	Health
A christian Marridge, Hospitality, reasonably good heath care.	Health
health care eg dental care	Health
Disability aids to remain independent	Health
My leisure activities centre mainly around my church and home. At my age it is also essential to keep fit by taking regular exercise.	Health
Good medical care; contact with family; budget for charity and church. Social life.	Health
Healthcare	Health
Local access to good quality healthcare - NHS preferred but I pay for dentist, optician.	Health
Wine and Whisky (In moderation of course)	Health
Good health	Health
Regular exercise	Health
Exercise; Creativity	Health
medicines, toiletries & sanitary products, specialist dietary products (I am lactose intolerant).	Health
Regular physical exercise classes are essential to keep me fitter and mobile etc	Health
Good health and health care, family, friends, Church, tv/radio, all these and the above, as well as Jesus, help me with my stress levels. Nothing on here has to be expensive!	Health
Medication (prescribed by my Doctor)	Health
the ability to keep fit and exercise regularly. (Our bodies are the temple of the holy spirit!)	Health
a garden & ready access to countryside	Green
Access to local green space	Green
Countryside nearby.	Green
The ability to help others in a practical way	Giving
Money to give to good causes Money to fund myhobbies	Giving
Giving to my local Church	Giving
payment to charity. helping my friends with their bills	Giving
Giving: essential.	Giving
ability to give to others	Giving
Giving	Giving
Giving money to others.	Giving
tithing	Giving
Being able to give. Having some savings.	Giving
buying fairtrade / ethically sourced goods Tithing / giving money to charity	Giving
tithing	Giving
giving money away to church and overseas	Giving
giving	Giving
Funding The Child we support via Compassion uk Supporting our Children at University	Giving
Tithing	Giving
Sufficient income to give to those I see in need,	Giving
at least 10% giving (across the board, not necessarily just my church) NB: holiday is New Wine, car is Motability, 'leisure activities' is TV and internet	Giving
Giving from the Lord's provision for us	Giving
friends	Family
Being able to accommodate my family when they visit.	Family
my children to be emplyed	Family
School uniforms & money for school activities so children don't miss out.	Family
Quality relationships	Family
Being able to provide for childrens education	Family
A garden, with a lawn big enough fro grandchildren to play on when they come to visit us.	Family
Uni fees for kids to give them a start in life. Saving for a pension.	Family
Comfort of my children	Family
Getting my daughter through university	Family
Things for the children eg sports lessons, books, holidays as a family, even if cheap ones	Family
If possible, good family & community support structures	Family
Good friends	Family
having the money to keep our pet dog	Family
Financial giving is essential. I prioritise the needs of my children.	Family
With regard to 'Home' - a home where my grown up children can have space to stay when they visit / return	Family
Children's savings	Family
A loving wife and family	Family
Funding children's education!	Family
Going out as a family	Family
Children's essential items, e.g. correctly fitted shoes, school uniform etc.	Family
educational materials for my children	Family
Time with my family, a stable relationship, a local church	Family
children's education	Family
Being able to take care of the family or better still being there if they hit hard times.	Family
Paying for school trips and clubs for my daughter	Family
School fees for disabled child	Family
My dog	Family
Being able to clothe my child as he grows. This takes priority over clothing the adults. Good internet access at home is vital for mine and my husband's working life.	Family
Time with family	Family
Feeling safe in my home. Love for my children and providing for their needs.	Family
education and health/sport facilities	Family
Relationships	Family
Bus pass, coffee with friends.	Family
Family; work	Family
protection for my children	Family
ability to spend quality time with friends and family	Family
Spending quality time with family which would entail transport costs	Family
Providing for my children	Family
Meeting the needs of my wider family (children and grandchildren and elderly father-in-law)	Family
Providing well for the children	Family
Providing for my children's needs at school and in social/sports clubs	Family
buying books	BOOKS
Books	BOOKS
Books!	BOOKS
Books	BOOKS
books	BOOKS
Books	BOOKS
Books, spending money necessary for socialising	BOOKS
Books; musical instruments	BOOKS
Quality of reading material	BOOKS
Books and Radio 4	BOOKS
BOOKS	BOOKS
Supply of clean water; hot water for washing. Fridge and freezer, telephone, Internet access.	basics
access to clean water and schools	basics
Food, shelter, human relationships, some means of transport, e.g. car/bike, electricity/phone.	basics
Hot water and a shower	basics
money for the electric meter/cooker water somewhere for a guest to sleep even if it is just the living room floor	basics
Clean water Sanitation Reliable electricity supply	basics
A safe neighbourhood from violence, vandalism and excessive noise	basics
Food, Mortgage, Water, electric, council tax, tithe	basics
A local church community, household utilities Heat, light,water,	basics
A good kitchen and a comfortable bed!	basics
Sufficient income to pay the bills so as not to get into debt.	basics
Electric bills, council tax, water bills, telephone bills, tv license, money for toiletries and medicines, inluding prescriptions when neccesary.	basics
Enough money to pay for all the essentials, and have a bit left over	basics
A washing machine which works, regardless of age / status	basics
Fresh water, gas, electricity,	basics
the means to wash yourself and clothes	basics
Clothing appropriate to the seasons. particularly warm clothing for winter	basics
Having enough nutrition and clean water.	basics
Food, water, shelter, home, fellowship, Bible, books	basics
I consider only the basic requirements fror living to be essential - ie food, clothing protection	basics
Going to the theatre	arts
Radio 4, cheap pay as you go mobile phone	arts
TV	arts
Buying music CDs	arts
Obviously utilities. Also engagement with the arts: that means going out to the arts, not at home, whether theatre, concert (classical), art gallery or film.	arts
As a single person the resources to socialise e.g. going for a drink. I also freelance in the arts and spend a lot of time in meetings and networking in bars and cafes. This is essential.	arts
Any other things you consider absolutely essential
income
To be able to pay bills. Not have debt.
Being able to Tithe, being able to read the word. Getting to church
my friends
Food, friendship, enjoyable church worship
A basic mobile phone. If "other means of transport" includes a bike, then maybe essential....
Employment. Both for wellbeing and stimulation.
None
A guitar and computer
Proximity to town by walking. Broadband (but on an old computer). At least a small garden and the means to buy the occasional plants (as cheaply as possible from a nursery). Ability and finances to maintain our home myself (DIY) as much as possible. Cheap (or free) phone calls to family at some time in the week by whatever is the best deal.
family life, low carbon lifestyle, political and religious feedom
Buying things for the home, eg curtain fabric, cushions, kitchen wares; buying gifts and cards for family and friends' birthdays; mobile phone
adequate stable income
As an older person and retired missionary, keeping in touch with people by email and correspondence and visiting prayer partners
ability to make adequate pension provision
Being able to live in a way that matches my social and environmental priorities.
Access to friends and church, that would determine where I live more than the neighbourhood. A reliable car is essential for my work but it is 10 yrs old.and doesn't look to good!
having a job that pays a good fair wage.
My children would probably say Pay TV, music downloads and their mobile phones. Being able to afford sporting activities for my children. Being able to afford some sort of holiday / activity to do as a whole family.
A few years ago a 'badged' car was essential as an ego booster but thank God that is no longer the case!
Childcare
telephone, fridge, washing machine
A home that I am comfortable to entertain others in
Having access to news media, keeping in contact with friends
by good holiday I mean a good rest, not one that costs a lot or abroad. usually we visit family or camp.
washing machine
Food
paying my bills. at the moment, being unemployed, and having huge arreas from being unemployed, i cannot afford to do this
having a home where others feel welcomed.
We buy what we can afford, on many purchase decisions we discuss the pro's and con's of its value. We have learned to trust God with our finances to some degree, so our faith influences our attitude towards money and materialism
Telephone
living in a safe area with a good church family
Work in some form or another
Telephone,internet useful, being able to afford petrol in order to be able to visit my elderly mother
A good pair of trainers for running
Personal toiletries
telephone
meeting with friends, enjoying time together as a family & with others, being able to be part of a Christian community freely, doing things for others as a community
my dishwasher!!!
friends
Freedom to live without interference/control from the State or any other organisation/person

In the Good News for the Poor survey we asked a variant of the needs list question in an attempt to mirror the methodology of the Breadline Britain and JRF attempt to establish a poverty line for households in the UK. Poverty survey November 2014
What are the living standards you feel all adults should have in the UK today? Which of the items listed below do you think are necessary?
Answer Options	Necessary for an adequate standard of living	Not necessary	Response Count
A safe, basically furnished home	99%	1%
Nutritious food most days (such as fresh fruit, vegetables, meat or fish)	99%	1%
Heating to keep home adequately warm	99%	1%
A warm waterproof coat	99%	1%
Washing machine	81%	19%
To be able to pay an unexpected expense of £500	67%	33%
A small amount of money to spend each week on yourself, not on your family	61%	39%
Car (or affordable use of a preferred means of transport)	56%	44%
Internet connection at home	50%	50%
Replace worn out clothes with new (not second-hand) ones	48%	52%
Mobile phone	46%	54%
Television	40%	60%
answered question			1581
skipped question			26

Poverty survey November 2014
Can you personally afford the items on the list above?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Yes, all of them	68.1%	1067
I could afford them all but I choose to go without some	19.6%	307
No, there are some I can't afford	12.3%	193
Please specify any which you go without		230
answered question		1567
skipped question		40

Giving to church and charity..

Christians and evangelicals in particular hold generous giving to church and charity as a normative practice. The tables below show the responses to the various questions we used in this area.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
What are your beliefs and attitudes about giving away some of your income?
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
I believe in tithing so I give around 10% (or more) of my income to various causes which include my church, Christian organisations and other charities.	38%	26%	18%	13%	4%	100%
I believe in tithing so I try to give around 10% (or more) of my income to my church.	32%	19%	23%	23%	4%	100%
When I die everything I own will go to my spouse and/or family	18%	34%	20%	21%	8%	100%
There was a time in my life when I felt challenged and started to give away far more than I had done before then.	16%	42%	24%	15%	3%	100%
My money all belongs to God so I only keep what I need to live on.	6%	28%	45%	20%	2%	100%
I sometimes feel ashamed or guilty that I give so little away.	5%	31%	22%	32%	10%	100%
I don't think tithing as much as 10% of my income is necessary but I do give away substantial amounts to causes such as my church, Christian organisations and other charities.	4%	13%	18%	41%	23%	100%
I prefer to keep almost all my income to myself.	0%	2%	7%	30%	61%	100%

answered question						1103
skipped question						34

Poverty survey November 2014
Have you, in the last 12 months, personally done any of the following to respond to the issue of poverty? Please tick all that apply
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Given money to a charity tackling poverty overseas	73%	1060
Given food to a food bank	70%	1025
Given a donation to an international disaster appeal	67%	967
Given money directly to someone you know personally who is in financial need	56%	817
Given money to a charity tackling poverty in the UK	55%	806
Prayed regularly for or with people who are facing poverty overseas	45%	658
Sponsored a child or other person who is facing poverty overseas	44%	639
Prayed regularly for or with people who are facing poverty in the UK	42%	608
Volunteered some time to a church project or Christian charity which aims to tackle poverty	37%	544
Contacted a politician or campaigned about an aspect of poverty in the UK	34%	488
Given money to someone begging on the streets	31%	448
Bought food or drink for someone begging on the streets	30%	442
Contacted a politician or campaigned on international poverty issues	30%	432
Given long-term support to, or befriended someone, who is facing poverty	27%	392
Shared a meal in your home with someone who was hungry, destitute or homeless	10%	151
Fulfilled a calling to live or serve in a community facing poverty	10%	145
Been employed by or on the management group of an anti-poverty organisation or project	9%	131
Volunteered some time to a secular community project or charity which aims to tackle poverty	9%	128
Other (please specify)	7%	95
Given money to help an individual through an online scheme such as Acts435	5%	71
None of the above	2%	22
answered question		1455
skipped question		152

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
What are your practices in terms of giving ?
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
When I give money to my church or charities I try to make sure it is Gift Aided so they can reclaim the tax.	70%	18%	7%	4%	1%
I prefer to set up automatic methods of giving (such as direct debits or standing orders) to ensure I give regularly to charity(ies)/church.	50%	30%	9%	8%	2%
I give a lot of items I no longer need to charity shops.	29%	50%	13%	7%	1%
I intend in my will to make a substantial legacy to my church or to a Christian charity.	14%	20%	40%	20%	5%
Most of my giving is now done online.	10%	20%	20%	35%	15%
Most of my giving is in cash.	5%	13%	12%	42%	28%
I give substantial amounts to individuals in need whom I know personally.	4%	27%	28%	33%	8%
I have so little money I can't afford to give very much away.	3%	8%	10%	38%	41%
Most of my giving is quite spontaneous when I see a need.	3%	14%	25%	47%	11%
I give away so much of my money that I sometimes go without things that I need.	1%	8%	19%	54%	17%
I often give money to beggars in the street.	1%	12%	22%	43%	23%
answered question						1108
skipped question						29

Poverty survey November 2014
Have you personally experienced any of the following in the last 12 months? Please tick all that apply
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
None of the above	7%	94
Had to reduce your giving to church and charity because your own disposable income has gone down significantly	17%	240
Caught yourself treating people differently because of their social status/income level	19%	269
Experienced miraculous provision when you were in financial problems	27%	392
Felt God convicting you that you need to give more time/money to the poor rather than spending it on yourself	35%	501
Known that you were giving really sacrificially of your time or money in obedience to God	36%	510
Felt guilty that you did not give money or time to someone in need when you were able to	39%	555
Continued to give to your church or charities the amount you had tithed, promised or committed despite facing financial difficulties	45%	641
Responded when you felt that God was prompting you to offer help, money or time to a particular person or situation to do with poverty	64%	921
Please give some details		90
answered question		1436
skipped question		171

21st Century Evangelicals survey February 2015
Which charitable causes are closest to your heart? Please tick up to three
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Christian	85.0%	1231
Overseas	47.0%	681
Children	32.9%	476
Poverty (UK)	29.7%	431
Homelessness	20.0%	290
Health/hospitals/hospices	14.3%	207
Medical research	12.5%	181
Other (please specify)	11.5%	167
Environment	11.0%	160
Disabled	8.4%	121
Elderly	5.9%	85
Animals	5.7%	83
Arts	1.3%	19
answered question		1449
skipped question		97

21st Century Evangelicals survey February 2015
Which of the following means do you use most often when supporting a charity? Please tick up to four
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Regular donations (by standing order or direct debit)	77.8%	1128
Praying	60.4%	875
Donations of goods to charity shops	49.4%	716
One-off cheque or online donations	49.0%	710
Volunteering your time	32.7%	474
Buying charity products/goods from charity shop	30.2%	438
Sponsoring people	30.0%	434
Cash donations	24.0%	348
Organising fundraising events	7.2%	105
Donations by text	6.4%	93
Taking part in sponsored events	6.1%	88
Charitable bequest in legacy	4.7%	68
None of the above	0.2%	3
Other (please specify)	4.8%	70
answered question		1449
skipped question		97

Poverty and wealth, economic and welfare policy..

In several of our surveys we asked the panel about their Christian attitudes and responses to poverty. The majority showed compassionate concern, though they were some way from a full blown "option for the poor" and reluctant to critique wealth in itself. While the majority did not accept a prosperity gospel 21% did agree or strongly agree that If a Christian is faithful and/or gives generously to God's work they will prosper economically.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Please indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with the following statements
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
It is every Christian's duty to help those in poverty.	46%	46%	7%	1%	0%	100%
It is every Christian's duty to speak out for those in poverty.	42%	46%	9%	2%	0%	100%
Even if I lost all my savings and income I can trust that God would supply everything I need.	40%	49%	9%	1%	0%	100%
Christians should avoid all forms of gambling.	37%	39%	17%	6%	2%	100%
Christians should make sensible financial investments to provide for their families and their own old age.	28%	61%	10%	1%	0%	100%
I think it is important to take out insurance to cover the risk of loss of the things I own.	18%	59%	16%	6%	1%	100%
I believe that when Jesus said "blessed are the poor" he meant it literally - not just spiritually.	18%	32%	28%	18%	4%	100%
Speculation and taking risks on the financial markets is morally wrong.	9%	21%	44%	22%	4%	100%
Wealth is usually a real barrier to someone who seeks to follow Christ.	6%	30%	40%	19%	4%	100%
If a Christian is faithful and/or gives generously to God's work they will prosper economically.	4%	17%	38%	28%	12%	100%
answered question						1079
skipped question						58

Views on welfare policy were divided with a small majority favouring a more generous approach from the state.

Poverty survey November 2014
Which of these statements comes closest to your view?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
The welfare budget is too high and should be reduced	22.4%	331
The welfare budget is about right	33.6%	496
The welfare budget is too low and should be increased	27.7%	409
Don't know	16.3%	240
answered question		1476
skipped question		131

Poverty survey November 2014
Which of these statements comes closer to your view?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Britain's current welfare system has created a culture of dependency, whereby many people, and often whole families, get used to living off state benefits; the system needs to be radically changed to get such people to take more responsibility for their lives and their families	38.4%	566
Most people who rely on welfare benefits are victims of circumstances beyond their control. The benefits they receive are far from generous, and are the least a civilised society should provide in order to help them and their families avoid abject poverty	53.0%	780
Don't know	8.6%	127
answered question		1473
skipped question		134

In terms of tackling UK poverty the emphasis of evangelicals was on education, enterprise, employment and stable families. There was widespread endorsement of church social action,some ambivalence over political action and a rejection of the neo-liberal approach of cutting welfare benefits to incentivise people to work. Do you think the following are good ways to tackle poverty in the UK? Please tick one per row
Answer Options	One of the best ways	A good way	Not sure	Not a good way	Response Count
Getting a good education	52%	44%	4%	1%
Developing strong businesses which offer employment	47%	49%	4%	0%
Debt advice and money management courses	46%	52%	2%	0%
Preventing family breakup	45%	45%	9%	1%
Training programmes that help people get decent jobs	44%	51%	4%	0%
The Church getting involved in social action	37%	55%	6%	2%
Sustained economic growth	36%	47%	15%	3%
Tackling addictions	29%	60%	10%	1%
Credit unions and other micro-finance schemes	26%	53%	16%	5%
Government policies to redistribute wealth	25%	36%	25%	14%
Removing the barriers to equal opportunities	21%	54%	21%	4%
A fairer and more generous benefits system	14%	36%	33%	16%
Organising poor communities to struggle for justice	12%	40%	37%	11%
Providing food, furniture and clothing through food banks and similar charities	11%	60%	19%	10%
Individuals working harder	10%	39%	38%	13%
Cutting welfare benefits as an incentive to get people into work	4%	17%	33%	46%
Other suggestions of ways to tackle poverty in the UK					216
answered question					1479
skipped question					128

In theological terms the panel appeared to hold social justice and personal responsibility in dynamic tension . Poverty survey November 2014
From your reading of the Bible how far do you agree... ?
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
We should work for justice for the poor	60%	36%	3%	0%	0%
God is on the side of the poor and the oppressed	57%	31%	10%	2%	0%
Everyone has a duty to work to support themselves and their family if they can	50%	46%	3%	0%	0%
God expects a more equal distribution of the world's resources	48%	37%	12%	3%	1%
We will be judged harshly if we neglect to care for the poor	41%	44%	11%	3%	1%
Spiritual poverty is a bigger problem than material poverty	37%	34%	21%	7%	1%
We should follow the example of Jesus and make most of our friendships among people who are poor and marginalised	30%	35%	27%	8%	1%
Our financial responsibility towards others is first to our family, then to fellow Christians in need and only then to poor people in the world	6%	25%	23%	34%	12%
We should do as Jesus said to the rich young ruler – sell all our possessions and give to the poor	3%	12%	43%	35%	8%
If we are faithful to God we will prosper materially	2%	9%	30%	34%	25%
The poor will always be with us, so there is not much hope of making an impact on poverty	2%	6%	11%	46%	34%
Other things you think the Bible tells us about poverty						222
answered question						1467
skipped question						140

The table below suggests a political positioning which is broadly Centre – Left, yet with a majority acceptance of the "welfare dependency" narrative.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
Please indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with the following statements
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
There is an unacceptable level of income inequality in the UK.	39%	43%	13%	4%	1%
Some 'top' people are paid far too much.	66%	26%	5%	3%	0%
The government should not cut benefit levels to people living below the poverty line.	35%	43%	15%	6%	1%
The government should make sure that the richest people in the country pay high levels of tax.	35%	42%	17%	6%	1%
Too many people have become dependent on state benefits and could do more to help themselves.	21%	48%	20%	9%	1%
Cuts in public services at the present rate are causing too much hardship.	20%	34%	29%	14%	3%
People I know have lost their jobs as a result of the recent recessions and public sector cuts.	30%	45%	12%	11%	1%
No-one in the UK is really poor these days.	3%	13%	14%	45%	25%
answered question						1077
skipped question						60

If a Christian is faithful and/or gives generously to God's work they will prosper economically.q

Poverty survey November 2014
How far do you agree with the following statements?
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
God has provided enough resources on the earth for every person's need, but human greed makes some people poor	51%	42%	5%	2%	0%	100%
Growing inequality is a major problem in the UK	27%	49%	18%	6%	1%	100%
Compared with some overseas countries the UK is spiritually destitute	25%	52%	17%	6%	1%	100%
Local churches should organise themselves to share their God-given wealth so that none of their members experience serious poverty	18%	58%	20%	4%	0%	100%
In the UK our society and culture make poor people feel ashamed and worthless	15%	55%	21%	8%	1%	100%
Churches in the UK are not very good at evangelising and discipling the poorest sections of society	15%	51%	23%	9%	1%	100%
My church is already doing lots of good and effective work to tackle poverty in its local community	9%	37%	32%	20%	3%	100%
We should assign as much (or more) of our monetary giving to help the poor as we do to the general work of our church	8%	32%	43%	16%	1%	100%
Compared with some overseas countries there is no significant poverty in the UK	7%	32%	19%	34%	7%	100%
The UK welfare state is a good model for less developed countries in that it provides an adequate safety net so that no one need face extreme poverty	7%	50%	27%	14%	3%	100%
It is more important for churches to share the gospel with poor people they encounter than to meet their material needs	4%	10%	32%	46%	9%	100%
Over the last few years my concern and giving of money and time has become more directed towards poverty in the UK rather than overseas	3%	18%	31%	43%	5%	100%
The international community is making good progress in programmes to tackle global poverty	1%	14%	43%	35%	7%	100%
answered question						1443
skipped question						164

Poverty survey November 2014
How far do you agree that (in the UK)...?
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
Government should act to ensure large companies cannot avoid paying their taxes	72%	25%	2%	0%	0%	100%
The government should take stronger action to limit high interest rates on products such as pay day loans	63%	32%	3%	1%	0%	100%
Current government economic policy is hurting the poor more than the rich	34%	44%	16%	5%	1%	100%
Poorer people often find they have to pay more than average for items such as fuel, food, domestic appliances and insurance	26%	46%	19%	9%	1%	100%
Welfare reform policies are having a negative impact on people who are disabled or sick	23%	43%	26%	6%	1%	100%
Economic policy is failing to raise most people's income to meet the increased cost of living	18%	51%	22%	8%	0%	100%
The government is right to withdraw benefit payments if people cannot prove that they are willing to work	10%	46%	26%	14%	4%	100%
Government is right to ask charities, communities and churches to deliver a greater proportion of welfare provision and support to people in need	4%	31%	31%	29%	5%	100%
The "bedroom tax" or "removal of the spare room subsidy" is a reasonable policy to address housing issues	4%	17%	21%	34%	24%	100%
UK governments have a good record on policies to tackle global poverty	3%	32%	38%	21%	6%	100%
Welfare reform policies are being successful in encouraging more people to take responsibility and get into jobs	2%	24%	42%	25%	7%	100%
Current government economic policy is working well to produce a more prosperous future for all	1%	14%	36%	33%	16%	100%
The government understands the needs of people who are carers for their family members and offers adequate help	1%	8%	29%	46%	16%	100%

Perceived Causes of Poverty:

When asked about causes of poverty locally and overseas there is a huge contrast, indeed a mirror image, between the understanding of structural and systemic poverty in the Global South and an acceptance of the narrative of personal irresponsibility for people facing poverty in the UK.

What do you think are the top five causes of poverty in your neighbourhood, in the UK and in less developed countries? Please tick up to five in each column
Answer Options	In my neighbourhood	In the UK as a whole	In less developed countries	Response Count
Corruption	4%	12%	97%
Unfair trade structures or practices	6%	13%	96%
Racism, sexism or other forms of discrimination	11%	30%	84%
Educational inequality	21%	33%	84%
Inequality or social injustice	20%	37%	90%
Lack of economic growth	28%	37%	70%
Inadequate government or community provision for the vulnerable	33%	45%	76%
Low pay	53%	59%	69%
Caring responsibilities or personal disability or poor health	57%	62%	37%
Lack of employment	54%	64%	52%
Excessive interest rates on loans	41%	67%	33%
High cost of living	70%	68%	12%
Laziness	49%	75%	11%
Addictions	61%	76%	14%
Poor management of household budgets	74%	77%	5%
Family breakdown	76%	80%	7%
Personal debt	71%	82%	7%
Welfare dependency	55%	84%	3%
answered question				1485
skipped question				122

Consumer patterns

In several of our surveys we asked about patterns of consumption and one of them specifically concentrated on ethical consumerism. We will not offer commentary on the following set of tables other than to suggest that the overall pattern suggests that most evangelicals follow the usual British norms for affluent middle class people as consumers, though their spending is tempered by a modest and sober rejection of ostentation and a growing commitment to fair trade principles and social and environmental responsibility.

21st Century Evangelicals May 2012 - Money Matters
When buying food, goods or services how often do you
Answer Options	Whenever it is possible	Often	Sometimes	Never	Response Count
Try to find the best bargain	43%	44%	12%	0%
Choose to buy something for ethical reasons such as fair trade or the practices of a company	27%	33%	37%	2%
Purchase online because it is cheaper	16%	37%	41%	6%
Choose to buy something for environmental reasons such as food miles or carbon footprint	15%	20%	50%	15%
Purchase online because you don't have to go out to the shops to find exactly what you want	14%	39%	41%	6%
Choose to deal with a firm because you know it is run by Christians	11%	19%	58%	11%
Use charity shops because they are cheaper	11%	17%	49%	24%
Use charity shops because you like to support a good cause	9%	21%	55%	15%
answered question					1121
skipped question					16

Housing

21st Century Evangelicals survey February 2015
Which of the following phrases describe your home? Please tick all that apply
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Owned outright	49.4%	717
Buying it with a mortgage or loan	29.3%	425
Rented from a private landlord	9.0%	130
Rented from a Council or Housing Association	2.6%	37
Rent-free accommodation	6.5%	94

A detached house	30.7%	445
A semi-detached house	26.4%	383
A terraced house	13.0%	189
A flat or maisonette	7.3%	106

Three bedrooms	29.4%	427
Four bedrooms	27.5%	399
Two bedrooms	10.4%	151
More than four bedrooms	10.0%	145
Single bedroom	3.0%	44
One room or a bedsit	0.6%	9
Other (please specify)		82
answered question		1450
skipped question		96

Poverty survey November 2014
Which of the following best describes the place where you live?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Economically average or mixed small town	16.0%	255
Economically average or mixed suburban neighbourhood	15.9%	254
Economically average or mixed urban neighbourhood	12.6%	201
Affluent suburban neighbourhood	11.2%	178
Economically average or mixed rural area or village	10.6%	169
Affluent small town	8.6%	137
Affluent rural area or village	6.0%	95
Deprived urban neighbourhood	5.8%	93
Affluent urban neighbourhood	4.0%	64
Deprived small town	3.9%	62
Deprived suburban neighbourhood	2.4%	38
Deprived rural area or village	1.2%	19
Other (please specify)	1.9%	30
answered question		1595
skipped question		12

Transport

Ethical Consumerism November 2015
For everyday transport do you drive (or have access to) your own vehicle?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Yes - own car nearly always available to drive	71.6%	986
Yes - there is a car available to the household or family	19.3%	266
No	9.1%	125
answered question		1377
skipped question		92

21st Century Evangelicals survey February 2015
How many cars are available to your household?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
None	6.4%	93
1	48.1%	701
2	38.5%	560
3 or more	7.0%	102
answered question		1456
skipped question		90

21st Century Evangelicals survey February 2015
Thinking now about the best vehicle in your household, is it...? Please tick all of the following descriptions which apply
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
A standard family car	59.6%	806
Bought second hand	56.9%	770
A small car such as a mini	23.1%	312
One you bought new	22.3%	302
A large 4x4 or people carrier	11.8%	159
Worn out and about to die	9.9%	134
A high performance or luxury car	4.6%	62
A lease car	3.5%	47
A company car	3.3%	45
Other (please specify)		87
answered question		1353
skipped question		193

21st Century Evangelicals survey February 2015
Do you frequently use any of the following means of transport?
Answer Options	Yes, by preference over alternatives	Yes, but only by necessity	Very rarely or never	Response Count
Walking	59%	32%	9%
Drive a car	56%	35%	9%
Local bus	24%	32%	44%
Intercity rail	22%	25%	53%
Local or commuter rail services	21%	28%	52%
International flights	19%	33%	48%
Cycling	19%	9%	72%
Tube (London Underground)	15%	24%	61%
Flights within the UK	5%	13%	82%
Tram or Metro	5%	9%	86%
Long distance coach	5%	11%	84%
answered question				1461
skipped question				85

Ethical Consumerism November 2015
For transport to work do you usually commute using public transport?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Yes	12.3%	168
No - even though there is a viable public transport service available	6.6%	90
No - I drive because there is no viable alternative	27.7%	379
No - I cycle or walk to work	11.2%	153
I don't need to travel to work at all	42.3%	579
answered question		1369
skipped question		100

Ethical Consumerism November 2015
Over the past 12 months have you ever chosen modes of transport specifically because they are environmentally-friendly, even if less convenient or more expensive?
Answer Options	often	sometimes	never in last 12 months	Response Count
avoided air travel	11%	16%	73%	100%
car-shared	12%	38%	50%	100%
cycled	15%	17%	68%	100%
avoided using your car	21%	52%	26%	100%
caught a bus	23%	42%	34%	100%
used the train	24%	45%	31%	100%
walked	47%	39%	14%	100%
Other (please specify)				88
answered question				1368
skipped question				101

Sunday Trading

Ethical Consumerism November 2015
How far do you agree... ?
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
All workers should have the right to take some time off if they wish to worship on Sundays (or other day of religious observance) at least every fortnight.	66%	26%	5%	2%	1%	100%
No one should be required to work regularly on Sundays unless they freely choose to do so, or are employed in vital services such as policing or health	58%	32%	6%	3%	1%	100%
Workers would face unacceptable pressure to work longer if there were longer shopping hours on Sunday	47%	36%	10%	5%	1%	100%
Everyone in society would benefit if Sunday was a special quiet day without much work or shopping	44%	39%	12%	4%	1%	100%
I can't see how longer shopping hours on Sunday would help the economy	42%	33%	14%	9%	3%	100%
I personally try to avoid shopping on Sunday	39%	38%	13%	8%	2%	100%
I would like to see much tighter restrictions on Sunday trading	26%	32%	26%	12%	4%	100%
Christians should avoid doing their shopping on Sundays	23%	36%	30%	8%	3%	100%
It is a good idea to allow councils rather than national government to decide on Sunday trading restrictions for their local area	5%	19%	34%	25%	17%	100%
I think it is a good idea to allow large shops to open for longer hours on Sundays	2%	3%	15%	37%	42%	100%
There should be no special restrictions on Sunday trading	2%	4%	12%	35%	46%	100%
answered question						1370
skipped question						99

Shopping

21st Century Evangelicals survey February 2015
Which of the following food retailers do you use for your purchase of food and household items? Please tick up to three that you use most often.
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Tesco	55.3%	805
Sainsbury's	48.5%	707
Co-operative	28.6%	417
Morrisons	27.7%	404
Aldi	24.0%	350
Asda	23.5%	342
Lidl	22.7%	331
Waitrose	19.3%	281
Marks & Spencer	16.5%	241
Your local corner shop	14.8%	215
Small independent or specialist shops	14.6%	213
Iceland	7.8%	114
Market stalls	7.7%	112
Spar	2.4%	35
Farm Foods	2.3%	33
Booths	1.6%	23
Budgens	1.3%	19
Londis	0.4%	6
Other (please specify)	3.9%	57
answered question		1457
skipped question		89

Ethical Consumerism November 2015
Do you buy any of the following fairtrade (certified) products?
Answer Options	by preference when available	often	sometimes	never buy the fair trade version	would never want or use this	Response Count
bananas	52%	17%	21%	7%	3%	100%
coffee	51%	12%	23%	10%	4%	100%
tea	43%	13%	26%	14%	4%	100%
chocolate	32%	18%	38%	9%	3%	100%
dolphin-friendly tuna	30%	14%	23%	17%	16%	100%
certified sustainable timber or rainforest products	20%	16%	39%	14%	11%	100%
other foodstuffs	19%	17%	54%	9%	1%	100%
craft products	9%	13%	54%	13%	11%	100%
clothing	8%	7%	57%	27%	2%	100%
wine	6%	8%	33%	29%	24%	100%
answered question						1398
skipped question						71

Leisure

21st Century Evangelicals survey February 2015
Which of the following leisure pursuits and activities do you take part in when you have free time? Please tick up to six that you most often enjoy
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Reading	65.7%	958
Walking/rambling	44.3%	646
Eating out	43.3%	631
Listening to music	39.6%	577
Films	35.8%	522
Gardening	31.6%	461
Historic houses and sites	29.4%	428
Cooking	27.2%	396
Art galleries and museums	26.4%	385
Online social media	24.1%	352
Theatre/drama	22.4%	326
Creative arts and crafts	18.0%	262
Watching sport	17.6%	256
Wildlife/nature reserves	15.1%	220
Pets or animals	14.7%	215
Exercise classes or gym	14.5%	211
Photography	14.4%	210
Swimming	14.4%	210
Computer games	14.3%	209
Music (performing)	13.6%	199
Cycling	13.2%	193
DIY	11.2%	164
Shopping	11.2%	164
Visits to child-friendly attractions	9.1%	132
Playing sport	8.0%	117
Family history research	7.6%	111
Railways	5.4%	79
Pubs and clubs	4.6%	67
Boating	2.9%	43
Motor vehicles	2.6%	38
Fishing	1.6%	23
I rarely get enough free time for this sort of thing	7.7%	112
Other (please specify)	9.7%	141
answered question		1458
skipped question		88

Holidays

21st Century Evangelicals survey February 2015
How much time in total did you take in 2014 for holidays or short breaks away from home?
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
I was away on holiday for a total of between one and three weeks	42.9%	625
I was away on holiday for a total of three weeks or more	38.8%	566
I was away on holiday for one week or less	11.3%	165
I didn't go away on holiday at all	6.9%	101
answered question		1457
skipped question		89

21st Century Evangelicals survey February 2015
Have you in the last 10 years taken the following types of holiday?
Answer Options	Several times	Once or twice	Not at all	Response Count
Rented self-catering accommodation	43%	33%	24%
Staying in the home of friends or family members	43%	31%	26%
Staycation – just taking some day trips from home	30%	37%	33%
In a UK seaside resort	32%	35%	33%
Short city break	20%	44%	35%
Christian festival-type event (eg Spring Harvest, Soul Survivor)	38%	26%	36%
In a national park or remote area in the UK	27%	35%	38%
Camping or caravaning	27%	18%	54%
Package holiday to a European/Mediterranean resort	12%	25%	62%
Long-haul intercontinental flight to a tourist hotspot	9%	25%	67%
Christian holiday centre or hotel	8%	24%	67%
Touring holiday (by coach, car, bike etc)	8%	20%	72%
Cruise	5%	12%	84%
Secular festival-type event (eg Glastonbury)	1%	4%	95%
Other (please specify)				120
answered question				1450
skipped question				96

Ethical Consumerism

Ethical Consumerism November 2015
How recently have you personally done any of the following?
Answer Options	within the last month	within the last year	at least once in my life	never	Response Count
chosen to buy a product or service specifically because you know it was produced fairly and ethically	37%	38%	20%	5%	100%
boycotted a particular company because of their practices	18%	28%	42%	12%	100%
chosen to do business with a co-operative or a mutual rather than a private company	12%	23%	33%	32%	100%
boycotted a product or service because you were offended by the way it was advertised	10%	29%	41%	20%	100%
bought a product simply on its low price even though you suspected it was produced or sold in an unethical way	9%	28%	43%	20%	100%
chosen to have work done in your home by a Christian tradesperson or business in preference to others	8%	26%	41%	26%	100%
invested money in your home to make it more fuel efficient / reduce carbon emissions (e.g. insulation, solar panels, more efficient heating system)	8%	31%	47%	14%	100%
taken part in a trade boycott of products from a country with an oppressive regime	5%	13%	43%	39%	100%
chosen to move money to a more ethical form of investment	5%	17%	37%	42%	100%
paid a self-employed trades-person in cash because it was cheaper, though you suspected that this allowed them to avoid paying tax	2%	11%	49%	39%	100%
Please feel free to give some details					135
answered question					1386
skipped question					83

Ethical Consumerism November 2015
How far do you agree... ?
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
Christians should always pay all the taxes that are due.	71%	27%	2%	0%	0%	100%
Human beings have a God-given responsibility to take better care of creation and the environment.	61%	35%	3%	1%	0%	100%
The Bible teaches us to be content with what we have and not to desire more material possessions.	51%	41%	7%	1%	0%	100%
The Bible teaches us to pray and struggle for economic and social justice.	48%	43%	7%	2%	0%	100%
Christians have an important role to play in developing and running ethical business enterprises.	39%	52%	8%	1%	0%	100%
Christians should be campaigning more strongly on issues of political corruption and oppression.	37%	48%	13%	1%	0%	100%
Greed for material possessions is one of the greatest sins of our time.	37%	44%	14%	4%	1%	100%
Christians should be campaigning more strongly on issues of international economic justice.	33%	49%	15%	2%	1%	100%
As Christians we should seek to spend our money in ways which bring maximum benefit to people in need.	28%	56%	14%	1%	1%	100%
Living as a Christian in our consumer culture presents complex ethical choices - we will never get it completely right.	27%	60%	9%	3%	0%	100%
Christians should be campaigning more strongly on issues of environmental concern.	26%	44%	24%	4%	2%	100%
There is nothing wrong with enjoying material things God has provided for us.	23%	61%	12%	3%	1%	100%
"Christian" industries such as music and publishing don't seem much different to the secular world in the way they market their wares.	9%	37%	41%	11%	1%	100%
It is hard to see how my small contribution in living more simply could make a significant difference to the global environment.	4%	21%	18%	44%	13%	100%
I often find I am praying about whether it is right to buy particular things.	4%	21%	38%	31%	7%	100%
I get tired of hearing Christians go on about all the so-called injustices in this world - it's nothing more than political correctness.	2%	3%	17%	37%	40%	100%
answered question						1356
skipped question						113

Mass Media

21st Century Evangelicals survey February 2015
Which of the following popular TV programmes do you like to watch? Please tick up to six of your favourtites
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
Call The Midwife	39.0%	559
Downton Abbey	36.6%	524
Have I Got News for You?	35.7%	511
Sherlock	35.0%	501
The Great British Bake Off	28.5%	409
Country File	28.2%	404
Strictly Come Dancing	24.6%	353
Doctor Who	21.6%	310
Antiques Roadshow	21.4%	307
The Apprentice	19.9%	285
Newsnight	17.7%	254
Panorama	17.4%	250
The Voice UK	13.7%	196
Casualty	12.3%	176
Christian TV channels	10.7%	153
Holby City	7.5%	107
The X Factor	6.3%	90
Mrs Brown's Boys	5.4%	78
None of the above	4.7%	68
I'm a Celebrity	3.6%	51
I never watch TV	3.6%	51
Coronation Street	3.3%	47
Eastenders	3.2%	46
Emmerdale	1.7%	24
Other (please specify)		269
answered question		1433
skipped question		113

21st Century Evangelicals survey February 2015
Which of the following radio stations (if any) do you frequently listen to? Please tick up to six
Answer Options	Response Percent	Response Count
BBC Radio 4	57.5%	823
Classic FM	35.7%	511
BBC Radio 2	24.2%	347
UCB	17.8%	255
Premier Radio	15.8%	226
BBC Radio 5 Live	15.5%	222
BBC Local Radio	14.0%	200
BBC Radio 3	10.0%	143
Other (please specify)	9.1%	130
Heart	7.7%	110
None of the above	7.7%	110
BBC Radio 4 Extra	6.4%	91
BBC Radio 1	5.3%	76
BBC World Service	5.2%	75
Smooth Radio	5.0%	71
BBC Radio Scotland	3.7%	53
Talksport	2.7%	39
Absolute Radio	2.0%	29
BBC Radio 6 Music	2.0%	28
LBC	1.8%	26
Capital FM	1.5%	22
Planet Rock	1.2%	17
Kiss	0.8%	12
Kerrang!	0.2%	3
BBC Radio 1Xtra	0.0%	0
answered question		1431
skipped question		115

Christmas

Ethical Consumerism November 2015
How far do you agree... ?
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
Through spending heavily over Christmas I usually run up debts for the new year.	1%	4%	6%	31%	59%
Oliver Cromwell was right - Christmas should be banned.	2%	1%	7%	33%	57%
I often find I spend more than I ought to over Christmas.	3%	24%	22%	37%	14%
I find the Christmas period particularly painful or depressing.	4%	10%	20%	37%	29%
I often invite people who are lonely or struggling to share Christmas in our household.	6%	23%	32%	30%	8%
I always make a special effort around Christmas to donate to charities and Christian causes.	14%	36%	32%	14%	4%
I try to celebrate Christmas with very simple festivities and an inexpensive pattern of spending.	16%	45%	23%	15%	1%
I think the consumer focus of Christmas in today's culture makes it impossible for people to appreciate the importance of the birth of Jesus.	21%	42%	17%	18%	2%
I usually celebrate Christmas in the traditional British way - food, family, presents, decorations etc.	31%	58%	8%	2%	1%
I find the emphasis on shopping and spending in the months before Christmas oppressive.	33%	45%	15%	6%	2%
Business exploits the "pester power" of children at Christmas time in cynical / dangerous / unhealthy ways.	33%	50%	14%	2%	1%
I try to celebrate Christmas above all as a celebration of the birth of Jesus, with thanksgiving, worship and prayer.	53%	39%	6%	1%	1%
Please feel free to comment						139
answered question						1341

Ethical Concerns

Ethical Consumerism November 2015
How concerned are you about each of the following ? Please tick one per row
Answer Options	taking some action or campaigning about it	somewhat concerned	not very concerned	not at all concerned	Response Count
people-trafficking and modern slavery	46%	54%	1%	0%	100%
international trade injustice	27%	61%	10%	2%	100%
cheap goods produced by cheap labour	27%	62%	10%	1%	100%
carbon emissions and global warming	26%	51%	18%	5%	100%
tax avoidance by multinational companies	24%	65%	9%	2%	100%
employment on less than the living wage	23%	67%	9%	1%	100%
the way sexualised images and language are used in advertising	21%	70%	8%	0%	100%
bribery and corruption in global businesses	20%	70%	9%	1%	100%
supermarkets' contracts with British farmers	20%	63%	14%	2%	100%
deregulated Sunday trading	19%	55%	21%	5%	100%
products that degrade the environment (e.g. palm oil, cattle ranches, rainforest timber)	19%	57%	22%	3%	100%
UK trade with oppressive regimes	18%	71%	10%	2%	100%
excessive food miles	14%	55%	26%	6%	100%
the arms trade	14%	67%	17%	2%	100%
promotion of gambling	13%	72%	14%	1%	100%
promotion of tobacco	11%	62%	25%	3%	100%
promotion of alcohol	7%	58%	29%	5%	100%
answered question					1410
skipped question					59

Advertising

Ethical Consumerism November 2015
How far do you agree... ?
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count
If I get a marketing cold phone call I usually just say no or hang up.	63%	31%	3%	2%	1%	100%
There should be stricter controls on using sexualised or degrading images in advertising.	60%	34%	5%	1%	1%	100%
The advertising of some services and products (tobacco, alcohol, gambling, sexual services) should be totally banned.	38%	37%	17%	8%	2%	100%
I try to resist most of the advertising messages I encounter.	33%	49%	15%	3%	1%	100%
Too many advertisers target their messages towards children.	27%	50%	20%	2%	0%	100%
Christian ministries should have more freedom to advertise the offer of the gospel.	25%	43%	28%	3%	1%	100%
Consumerism is eroding family and community life.	25%	51%	20%	4%	1%	100%
It is worth paying a bit more in order to support ethical businesses.	24%	63%	10%	1%	1%	100%
I find personally targeted online advertising disturbing.	22%	41%	23%	11%	3%	100%
The advertising industry should be more tightly regulated.	21%	46%	27%	5%	1%	100%
The volume of advertising in our culture is on balance making us more unhappy.	21%	52%	22%	4%	1%	100%
There is far too much advertising in our society - it should be legally restricted.	12%	31%	39%	15%	3%	100%
I think advertising is in general an unethical industry.	11%	33%	40%	15%	2%	100%
I can rarely afford to buy anything other than the cheapest goods available, even if I know they are produced through the exploitation and suffering of other people.	2%	9%	22%	47%	19%	100%
I feel under pressure to consume in order to give my family / children a similar lifestyle to their peers.	2%	16%	27%	36%	20%	100%
I feel under pressure to consume in order to match the lifestyle of other people in my social circles.	1%	11%	17%	41%	30%	100%
I know I am deeply influenced by advertising on TV.	1%	6%	18%	43%	32%	100%
answered question						1344
skipped question						125

Inter Generational Inequality

Our February 2016 survey touched on a number of economic aspects of the gap between the baby boomer generation and millennials and showed there was much concern about this, both in terms of care of the elderly and prospects for the future. Again these tables will appear without much commentary.

From Generation to Generation - February 2016
How far do you agree... ?
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count	SA + A
Care workers should be paid at least the full living wage including time taken travelling.	50%	44%	4%	1%	0%	100%	94%
All frail elderly people are entitled to high quality health and social care at the end of their lives.	47%	45%	7%	1%	0%	100%	92%
Churches should be actively involved in supporting and improving the care of elderly people.	30%	58%	11%	1%	0%	100%	87%
Elderly people who need care should make a reasonable contribution to the cost up to a fixed limit.	8%	64%	19%	8%	1%	100%	72%
Much of the care support for the elderly on offer today is inadequate.	23%	48%	22%	6%	1%	100%	71%
Over the next 50 years, younger people will need to work very hard and pay high taxes just to support an older generation who can't provide for their personal care.	10%	54%	28%	7%	1%	100%	64%
Families should take the main responsibility for caring for elderly people.	10%	50%	32%	8%	1%	100%	60%
When elderly people need social care and support it should be provided free of charge by the state.	12%	33%	33%	20%	2%	100%	45%
Please add any comments						184
answered question						1530
skipped question						155

From Generation to Generation - February 2016
How far do you agree... ?
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count	SA+ A
It's not right that students have to go into considerable debt if they want a university education.	31%	40%	16%	10%	2%		71%
Life will be more precarious for millenials than for the boomer generation.	15%	54%	22%	7%	1%		69%
Many young adult's hopes of owning a home will depend on finance or inheritance from their parents or grandparents - I don't think that is fair.	17%	47%	23%	12%	2%		63%
I find it a problem that today's graduates need to take up unpaid or low paid internships before they can get a "proper" job.	18%	45%	20%	15%	2%		63%
It is important to be able to leave one's estate to the next generation without being subject to large amounts of inheritance tax.	18%	41%	23%	13%	5%		59%
All generations are much the same in what they want out of life.	7%	49%	24%	19%	2%		55%
The older generation have over consumed resources without much concern for the future of the planet.	12%	43%	23%	18%	4%		55%
Families are damaged when the different generations end up living far away from each other.	7%	43%	34%	14%	1%		50%
The baby boomer generation have profited from investment in home ownership to the disadvantage of the next generations.	13%	34%	30%	21%	3%		46%
Many of the older generation have pensions and other benefits that are over generous.	5%	21%	29%	37%	7%		26%
Boomers are very likely to spend on themselves instead of saving for their kid's inheritance.	2%	16%	38%	39%	5%		18%
Future generations will have a happier, healthier and more prosperous life experience than mine.	1%	5%	43%	44%	7%		5%
answered question						1538
skipped question						147

From Generation to Generation - February 2016
In terms of your impression of the differences between the "baby boomers" generation (people born before 1960) and the millennial generation (born since 1990) how far do you agree... ?
Answer Options	Strongly agree	Agree	Neither agree nor disagree	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Response Count	SA + A
Millennials have more freedom than boomers had in terms of their moral and lifestyle choices.	27%	54%	12%	5%	1%		82%
Millennials are more fortunate than boomers in their easy access to and understanding of information and communications technology.	25%	47%	20%	7%	2%		71%
Millennials are more concerned about the environment than boomers ever were.	13%	53%	22%	10%	2%		66%
Millennials are more likely to end up in poverty and debt than boomers ever were.	13%	47%	29%	10%	1%		60%
Boomers tend to have more conservative social and political attitudes than millennials.	9%	49%	28%	12%	1%		59%
Millennials are less likely to achieve a stable and happy family life than boomers generally did.	10%	47%	30%	11%	2%		57%
Boomers generally had happier childhoods than millennials.	8%	33%	46%	12%	1%		41%
Boomers generally had better career options than millennials.	8%	31%	30%	28%	4%		39%
Millennials are more fortunate than boomers in growing up in a more diverse society.	5%	31%	40%	19%	4%		37%
Boomers in general did an excellent job in raising their children.	4%	32%	52%	11%	1%		36%
Millennials are more committed to social justice than boomers ever were.	4%	30%	40%	23%	3%		34%
Millennials in general are just as involved in and caring for the older genrations of their family as boomers ever were.	2%	27%	38%	28%	5%		29%
Boomers were generally more privileged than millennials.	6%	22%	38%	29%	5%		28%
Millennials have better music and entertainment than boomers ever had.	5%	20%	37%	28%	9%		26%
Boomers on average are likely to live longer and healthier lives than millennials.	4%	21%	45%	26%	3%		25%
Boomers had more educational opportunities than millennials.	6%	15%	20%	48%	12%		21%
answered question						1559
skipped question						126

Parents hopes for their offspring's future prioritise faith and marriage over finance and comfort.

From Generation to Generation - February 2016
What are your hopes and prayers for your children (and grandchildren)?Please rank these items by ticking only one in each column
Answer Options	1 Most important of all	2	3	4	5	6	7	8 least important	Response Count
a good and long lasting marriage	4%	37%	23%	14%	11%	6%	4%	2%
a family of their own	1%	4%	13%	18%	21%	21%	16%	7%
a fulfilling career or vocation	1%	8%	18%	22%	23%	18%	8%	3%
financial security	1%	4%	7%	13%	15%	20%	34%	6%
good personal health and wellbeing	6%	36%	22%	16%	9%	7%	3%	1%
making a significant contribution to society	2%	15%	20%	18%	15%	13%	11%	6%
a comfortable home in a nice neighbourhood	1%	1%	2%	4%	6%	10%	17%	58%
to be faithful followers of Christ	89%	5%	2%	1%	1%	1%	1%	1%
Other things you would long and pray for them (please specify)									221
answered question									1236
skipped question									449

The Primitive Ranter

Ranters of Mow Cop

Friday, 6 December 2019

Book Review : Fitch.. The Church of Us v Them

Thursday, 3 October 2019

The Subversive Evangelical: The Ironic Charisma of an Irreligious Megachurch

My latest Book Review in Journal of Contemporary Religion

The Subversive Evangelical: The Ironic Charisma of an Irreligious Megachurch

by Peter J. Schuurman, Montreal, Quebec & Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2019, Advancing Studies in Religion 6, 358 pp., CAD120.00 (hb), CAD32.95 (pb), ISBN 978–0–7735–5732–1 (bb), ISBN 978–0–7735–5733–8 (pb)

Tuesday, 10 September 2019

Just Launched... Faith in Newham Website

Tuesday, 30 July 2019